喻志攻
Chih-Kung Yu
* 喻志攻上校，現為國防大學空軍學部副總教官。本文純屬個人意見。ROCAF Col. Chih-Kung Yu is
now the Deputy Director of Air Force Department, National Defense University, Taiwan. The
views in this article is the author’s.
前言
Introduction
自從一九○三年飛機問世，近百年來，航空方面的發展可謂一日千里。航空器不但與人類生活具有密切關係，而其在軍事方面之廣泛用途，也使它成為現代戰爭中，不可缺少的重要工具。然而儘管航空器的性能日益精進，而且能夠大量生產，但與陸地、海洋相比較，人類從事空中作戰的歷史要短的太多，因而對於如何運用空中武力從事大規模的空中作戰，就不像對陸戰和海戰那樣，具有同等豐富的經驗了。回顧歷史，自從飛機用於戰爭之後，雖已經歷過兩次世界大戰和多次規模頗為龐大的地區性戰爭，但各方對空權理論的見解仍然紛歧，對空軍戰略與空戰戰略之認識亦感不足。台澎防衛作戰中，空軍首要任務在爭取並確保台澎作戰地區之空優，以保護三軍部隊行動自由，並阻滯敵攻勢發起，以保國家安全。在科技不斷演變與敵既有威脅狀況下，空中作戰是否仍不脫以往窠臼，亦或在戰略（術）思想上另有發展，實值吾人深究。
Air technology development is pretty fast from 1903. Aircraft is useful in war. Air operation experience is less than sea or land operation. As reviewing previous wars or conflicts the airpower theory has different kind of explanation which is about air strategy and air combat strategy. In Taiwan-Penghu operation, the ROCAF must get air superiority to ensure join forces moving free. As obstructing enemy offense we could protect national security. Following technology improving and higher threat air combat strategy should be change. This is why I do research about.
研究動機
Research Motive
台澎防衛作戰為制空、制海、反登陸型態之三軍聯合作戰，其中制空作戰不但貫穿作戰全程，且對全般作戰具舉足輕重地位；惟在敵我制空戰力對比懸殊狀況下，如何方可取得空戰有利態勢，以利全般作戰，為此研究之動機。
Taiwan-Penghu operation is join forces operation. Air combat operation is very important during full mission. How do we take advantage to have air superiority in unbalancing forces on both sides? This is reason why I do research?
研究目的
Research Purpose
台澎防衛作戰在戰略態勢上我極不利而共軍極有利，就戰爭型態言屬典型之海島攻防作戰，亦為三軍聯合作戰方式，其中制空權之爭取對戰爭成敗佔極重要之地位；空戰戰略屬野戰戰略之一環，關係大軍作戰之用兵至鉅，運用得當極有可能扭轉不利之戰略態勢，故特予研究，俾作為建軍備戰之參考
We have more disadvantageous than PRC forces. How to get air superiority is important for us. I will research to give some suggestion for building next future forces of my country.
研究限制
Research Limitation
本研究之困難在於以往無此類研究曾公開發表，礙於國軍機密資料處理規定，亦無法提供相關文件以供佐證或參考，所有論點，均係作者本人思考得來，尚祈學者專家不吝指正。
There are few essays in public. There are also a lot of information in classify. This is limitation to my research. This essay would show up my own opinion and expect someone give me suggestion.
台海地略形勢概要
Reviewing Taiwan Straits Environment
中國大陸東南地區位於中國大陸東南部，包括浙江、福建、廣東、江西、湖南、廣西六省之全部及江蘇、安徽、湖北三省之長江以南地區，北界長江，東南臨黃海、東海，南濱南海，西接四川、貴州、雲南與越南。其地理位置，當東經一○五度至一二三度，北緯度二十度至三十度十五分。濱海正面達二千餘公里，全區面積共約一百一十四萬七千零四十平方公里，佔全國面積約十分之一。區內除東北部長江口之京滬杭太湖區，北部之鄱陽、洞庭兩盆地，及南部之珠江三角洲，為低漥平原外，大致均為丘陵山地，而南嶺山系橫亙於中部，地形險阻，形成由沿海地區進出華中之大地障。但一般交通狀況良好，鐵公路系統相當完整，足以減低地形阻障影響。
South east China area is located on south east China which include six provinces (zhe-jiang, fu-jian, guang-dong,jiang-xi) and three provinces of south Yangtze River. Its north boundary is by the Yangtze River. South east boundary is by Yellow and East Sea. South Boundary is by South Sea. West boundary is by si-chuan,gui-zhau, yun-nan and Vietnam. This location is 105 to 123 east longitude, 20 to 30’15 north latitude. Sea coast is more than 2000 Km. area is 114,7040 square Km which is 1/10 China area. In this area there is lower plain which include Yangtze River’s tai-hu of north east area, north part by Poyang and Dong-ting two lakes and south part by zhu-jiang Data. Except that area is hilly. There is hazardous terrain that nan-ling mountain chain lays across middle of area. It is difficult to enter the middle of China from coast of east area. The traffic and railway system are good condition.
台澎列島
Taiwan-Penghu Archipelago
台灣本島南北狹長，約四百餘公里，東西短窄，最寬處僅約一百四十餘公里，形如扁舟，島內多山，東高西低，佔全島面積之五分之三；平地幅員有限；中央山脈縱貫南北，將台灣本島分割為不對稱之東西兩部，東部高山林立，西部多平原；河川多為東西走向，整體而言，全島腹地狹小，不利地面部隊攻守作戰。
Taiwan island is long from south to north which is about 400 Km. It is short from east to west which is about 140 KM. Hilly area is 3/5 Taiwan area. The center line is Central Mountain from south to north. East part of Taiwan is much of mountain and west part is most of plain. Rivers direction is from east to west. So island area is too small to combat.
澎湖列島由馬公、望安等數十大小島與組成，地形平坦，無險可守。
Penghu archipelago includes more than ten small islands that main Island isma-gong and wang-an. Terrain is flat and is difficult to defend.
台澎列島藉台灣海峽與大陸相隔，為一典型之海島防衛作戰型態，就攻略台澎列島而言，攻防雙方均須取得空優，方可獲致爾後作戰之有利態勢，惟採攻勢作戰之一方更須具備渡海作戰能力，以將兵力投入戰場，或具備縱深投射、遠程打擊之火力，迫使守勢之一方屈服。
Penghu archipelago is located on middle both sides. It is type of island defense operation. If enemy wants to occupy this area air superiority is very important to do. As considering defend or offense sides they should have crossing sea operation capability or precision and long distance attacking firepower to beat each side and have it.
制空作戰思想演變概述
The Revolution of the Concept of Counter Air Operation
制空作戰架構
The Structure of Counter Air Operation
美軍《反制空中及飛彈威脅》聯戰準則將制空作戰之架構分為攻勢制空與守勢制空，而守勢制空下又分為主動（積極）防空與被動（消極）防空。其相關之名詞釋義及內容摘要如下：
The US Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats has defined the Counter Air Operation as Offensive Counter Air and Defensive Counter Air, and the Defensive Counter Air also divided as Active Air Defense and Passive Air Defense. The terminologies of Counter Air are defined as:
指、管、通、電、情系統— C4I 資源能偵測、鑑別、並追蹤空中威脅源，以提供防禦系統有效的預警、提示及精確的發射點與撞擊點。有效的C4I 系統能夠幫助指揮官融合受地理分隔的攻勢與守勢作戰，並達到集中的成效。
C4I Systems— the resources of C4I systems can detect, identify, and track the air targets to provide the efficiencies of early warning, reminding and accuracy of the air targets’ lunching and impacted points for the defense system. The efficient C4I system can help the commanders to consolidate the geographic separation of offensive and defensive operation to gain the advantages of deployment of focused force.
攻勢制空：在敵空中威脅發射（起飛）之前或之後，摧毀、阻斷、或癱瘓敵飛機、飛彈、發射載台及其他支援結構或系統的攻勢作戰。
Offensive Counter Air— OCA: Offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after enemy launch their air threats.
守勢制空：所有設計來偵測、辨別、攔截及摧毀或破壞敵武力攻擊或穿透我空域之企圖的方法或手段。
Defense Counter Air— DCA: All defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to attack or penetrate the friendly air environment.
（一）主動防空：運用飛機、防空火力、電子戰及其他可用之武器來破壞、摧毀，或減低敵空中及飛彈對友軍或資源之威脅的直接防禦行動，謂之。
（二）被動防空：在攻勢制空之外，所有降低敵飛機及飛彈對友軍攻擊效果的諸般手段，謂之。
1) Active Air Defense: Direct defensive action taken to destroy, nullify, or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets. It includes the use of aircraft, air defense weapons, electronic warfare, and other available weapons.
2) Passive Counter Air: all measures, other than active air defense, taken to minimize the effectiveness of hostile air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets.
主動防空歷史回顧與戰史例證
Historical Review of Active Air Defense Operations
航空器產生迄第一次世界大戰時之發展
From the innovation of aircraft to World War I
一九○三年萊特兄弟駕駛飛機以馬達的力量將飛機昇入空中，從此航空迄進入了跳要式的發展。在第一次世界大戰之前時，隨著所有參戰國的競爭各國都掌握為數有限的飛機，具遠見之軍事專家即已認定飛機給了他們具有一嶄新使用可能的戰爭工具。當飛機的功能可達運用於軍事目的之時，各國對飛機用為戰爭新工具的評價均著重於偵察。第一次世界大戰中，由於敵對雙方的任務範圍相同為試求阻滯或驅逐敵機，由此導致飛機的武裝，空中戰鬥於是產生。大戰中同盟國以單座驅逐機掌握了數個月的制空權，打垮了德國飛行部隊，在戰史上首次顯示了空中優勢或制空權對地面部隊戰鬥行動發生了決定性的影響。
In 1903, when the Wright Brothers flight the motor driven aircraft into the air, the aviation technology has developed incredibly. Before WWI, derived from the military expertise’s vision that aircraft will be the new possible war tool in the future, thus, there were a lot of nations, who possessed aircrafts. When the aircraft’s function met the military usage, it was used as reconnaissance rather than other purpose. In WWI, both the opposite sides of nations are using the aircrafts to disrupt or pursue the others aircrafts, therefore, cause to arm the aircraft and broke out the air campaigned. During the war, the Alliance used single seat pursuit plane defeat the German Air Troop to control the air power for several months that first demonstrated the Air Superiority or Air Power have a decisive impact to the ground force operation at war history.
第一次世界大戰至第二次世界大戰
From the World War I to World War II
兩次大戰期間航空學在不斷的飛躍發展中，今日的新發明和改進又將昨日的知識和觀點推翻，空權的部分理論雖不在適應運用於新飛機，但有些基本原則仍然保持。制空權已成為戰爭中重要的一環。例如一九二五年英國殖民軍鎮壓伊拉克和瓦其里斯坦土著騷亂以空軍隊土著拘留地作縱身攻擊，一九三五年義大利對阿比尼西亞之役，義軍適切運用空軍把原本專家預撤拖延五、六年的戰爭在短時間就把敵人完全擊敗。皆是各國軍事作戰上正視空權的認知。
The aviation technology has continuously developed during the WWI to WWII, the new inventions and improvements today, were overthrown the know ledges and concepts yesterday, some basic theories of Air Power were still useful but some were not adapted to the new aircraft, but Air Power has become the important factor on war. For instance, the British Colonial Troop used Air Force to attack the Native Reservation to suppress the Iraq and Watcheris conflicts in 1925; The Italian used Air Force to shorten the war from 5 to 6 years to a short time to defeat the enemy during the Arbinisia Campaign in 1935. Those are the recognition on Air Power during the military operation for all the nations.
Chih-Kung Yu
* 喻志攻上校，現為國防大學空軍學部副總教官。本文純屬個人意見。ROCAF Col. Chih-Kung Yu is
now the Deputy Director of Air Force Department, National Defense University, Taiwan. The
views in this article is the author’s.
前言
Introduction
自從一九○三年飛機問世，近百年來，航空方面的發展可謂一日千里。航空器不但與人類生活具有密切關係，而其在軍事方面之廣泛用途，也使它成為現代戰爭中，不可缺少的重要工具。然而儘管航空器的性能日益精進，而且能夠大量生產，但與陸地、海洋相比較，人類從事空中作戰的歷史要短的太多，因而對於如何運用空中武力從事大規模的空中作戰，就不像對陸戰和海戰那樣，具有同等豐富的經驗了。回顧歷史，自從飛機用於戰爭之後，雖已經歷過兩次世界大戰和多次規模頗為龐大的地區性戰爭，但各方對空權理論的見解仍然紛歧，對空軍戰略與空戰戰略之認識亦感不足。台澎防衛作戰中，空軍首要任務在爭取並確保台澎作戰地區之空優，以保護三軍部隊行動自由，並阻滯敵攻勢發起，以保國家安全。在科技不斷演變與敵既有威脅狀況下，空中作戰是否仍不脫以往窠臼，亦或在戰略（術）思想上另有發展，實值吾人深究。
Air technology development is pretty fast from 1903. Aircraft is useful in war. Air operation experience is less than sea or land operation. As reviewing previous wars or conflicts the airpower theory has different kind of explanation which is about air strategy and air combat strategy. In Taiwan-Penghu operation, the ROCAF must get air superiority to ensure join forces moving free. As obstructing enemy offense we could protect national security. Following technology improving and higher threat air combat strategy should be change. This is why I do research about.
研究動機
Research Motive
台澎防衛作戰為制空、制海、反登陸型態之三軍聯合作戰，其中制空作戰不但貫穿作戰全程，且對全般作戰具舉足輕重地位；惟在敵我制空戰力對比懸殊狀況下，如何方可取得空戰有利態勢，以利全般作戰，為此研究之動機。
Taiwan-Penghu operation is join forces operation. Air combat operation is very important during full mission. How do we take advantage to have air superiority in unbalancing forces on both sides? This is reason why I do research?
研究目的
Research Purpose
台澎防衛作戰在戰略態勢上我極不利而共軍極有利，就戰爭型態言屬典型之海島攻防作戰，亦為三軍聯合作戰方式，其中制空權之爭取對戰爭成敗佔極重要之地位；空戰戰略屬野戰戰略之一環，關係大軍作戰之用兵至鉅，運用得當極有可能扭轉不利之戰略態勢，故特予研究，俾作為建軍備戰之參考
We have more disadvantageous than PRC forces. How to get air superiority is important for us. I will research to give some suggestion for building next future forces of my country.
研究限制
Research Limitation
本研究之困難在於以往無此類研究曾公開發表，礙於國軍機密資料處理規定，亦無法提供相關文件以供佐證或參考，所有論點，均係作者本人思考得來，尚祈學者專家不吝指正。
There are few essays in public. There are also a lot of information in classify. This is limitation to my research. This essay would show up my own opinion and expect someone give me suggestion.
台海地略形勢概要
Reviewing Taiwan Straits Environment
中國大陸東南地區位於中國大陸東南部，包括浙江、福建、廣東、江西、湖南、廣西六省之全部及江蘇、安徽、湖北三省之長江以南地區，北界長江，東南臨黃海、東海，南濱南海，西接四川、貴州、雲南與越南。其地理位置，當東經一○五度至一二三度，北緯度二十度至三十度十五分。濱海正面達二千餘公里，全區面積共約一百一十四萬七千零四十平方公里，佔全國面積約十分之一。區內除東北部長江口之京滬杭太湖區，北部之鄱陽、洞庭兩盆地，及南部之珠江三角洲，為低漥平原外，大致均為丘陵山地，而南嶺山系橫亙於中部，地形險阻，形成由沿海地區進出華中之大地障。但一般交通狀況良好，鐵公路系統相當完整，足以減低地形阻障影響。
South east China area is located on south east China which include six provinces (zhe-jiang, fu-jian, guang-dong,jiang-xi) and three provinces of south Yangtze River. Its north boundary is by the Yangtze River. South east boundary is by Yellow and East Sea. South Boundary is by South Sea. West boundary is by si-chuan,gui-zhau, yun-nan and Vietnam. This location is 105 to 123 east longitude, 20 to 30’15 north latitude. Sea coast is more than 2000 Km. area is 114,7040 square Km which is 1/10 China area. In this area there is lower plain which include Yangtze River’s tai-hu of north east area, north part by Poyang and Dong-ting two lakes and south part by zhu-jiang Data. Except that area is hilly. There is hazardous terrain that nan-ling mountain chain lays across middle of area. It is difficult to enter the middle of China from coast of east area. The traffic and railway system are good condition.
台澎列島
Taiwan-Penghu Archipelago
台灣本島南北狹長，約四百餘公里，東西短窄，最寬處僅約一百四十餘公里，形如扁舟，島內多山，東高西低，佔全島面積之五分之三；平地幅員有限；中央山脈縱貫南北，將台灣本島分割為不對稱之東西兩部，東部高山林立，西部多平原；河川多為東西走向，整體而言，全島腹地狹小，不利地面部隊攻守作戰。
Taiwan island is long from south to north which is about 400 Km. It is short from east to west which is about 140 KM. Hilly area is 3/5 Taiwan area. The center line is Central Mountain from south to north. East part of Taiwan is much of mountain and west part is most of plain. Rivers direction is from east to west. So island area is too small to combat.
澎湖列島由馬公、望安等數十大小島與組成，地形平坦，無險可守。
Penghu archipelago includes more than ten small islands that main Island isma-gong and wang-an. Terrain is flat and is difficult to defend.
台澎列島藉台灣海峽與大陸相隔，為一典型之海島防衛作戰型態，就攻略台澎列島而言，攻防雙方均須取得空優，方可獲致爾後作戰之有利態勢，惟採攻勢作戰之一方更須具備渡海作戰能力，以將兵力投入戰場，或具備縱深投射、遠程打擊之火力，迫使守勢之一方屈服。
Penghu archipelago is located on middle both sides. It is type of island defense operation. If enemy wants to occupy this area air superiority is very important to do. As considering defend or offense sides they should have crossing sea operation capability or precision and long distance attacking firepower to beat each side and have it.
制空作戰思想演變概述
The Revolution of the Concept of Counter Air Operation
制空作戰架構
The Structure of Counter Air Operation
美軍《反制空中及飛彈威脅》聯戰準則將制空作戰之架構分為攻勢制空與守勢制空，而守勢制空下又分為主動（積極）防空與被動（消極）防空。其相關之名詞釋義及內容摘要如下：
The US Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats has defined the Counter Air Operation as Offensive Counter Air and Defensive Counter Air, and the Defensive Counter Air also divided as Active Air Defense and Passive Air Defense. The terminologies of Counter Air are defined as:
指、管、通、電、情系統— C4I 資源能偵測、鑑別、並追蹤空中威脅源，以提供防禦系統有效的預警、提示及精確的發射點與撞擊點。有效的C4I 系統能夠幫助指揮官融合受地理分隔的攻勢與守勢作戰，並達到集中的成效。
C4I Systems— the resources of C4I systems can detect, identify, and track the air targets to provide the efficiencies of early warning, reminding and accuracy of the air targets’ lunching and impacted points for the defense system. The efficient C4I system can help the commanders to consolidate the geographic separation of offensive and defensive operation to gain the advantages of deployment of focused force.
攻勢制空：在敵空中威脅發射（起飛）之前或之後，摧毀、阻斷、或癱瘓敵飛機、飛彈、發射載台及其他支援結構或系統的攻勢作戰。
Offensive Counter Air— OCA: Offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after enemy launch their air threats.
守勢制空：所有設計來偵測、辨別、攔截及摧毀或破壞敵武力攻擊或穿透我空域之企圖的方法或手段。
Defense Counter Air— DCA: All defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to attack or penetrate the friendly air environment.
（一）主動防空：運用飛機、防空火力、電子戰及其他可用之武器來破壞、摧毀，或減低敵空中及飛彈對友軍或資源之威脅的直接防禦行動，謂之。
（二）被動防空：在攻勢制空之外，所有降低敵飛機及飛彈對友軍攻擊效果的諸般手段，謂之。
1) Active Air Defense: Direct defensive action taken to destroy, nullify, or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets. It includes the use of aircraft, air defense weapons, electronic warfare, and other available weapons.
2) Passive Counter Air: all measures, other than active air defense, taken to minimize the effectiveness of hostile air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets.
主動防空歷史回顧與戰史例證
Historical Review of Active Air Defense Operations
航空器產生迄第一次世界大戰時之發展
From the innovation of aircraft to World War I
一九○三年萊特兄弟駕駛飛機以馬達的力量將飛機昇入空中，從此航空迄進入了跳要式的發展。在第一次世界大戰之前時，隨著所有參戰國的競爭各國都掌握為數有限的飛機，具遠見之軍事專家即已認定飛機給了他們具有一嶄新使用可能的戰爭工具。當飛機的功能可達運用於軍事目的之時，各國對飛機用為戰爭新工具的評價均著重於偵察。第一次世界大戰中，由於敵對雙方的任務範圍相同為試求阻滯或驅逐敵機，由此導致飛機的武裝，空中戰鬥於是產生。大戰中同盟國以單座驅逐機掌握了數個月的制空權，打垮了德國飛行部隊，在戰史上首次顯示了空中優勢或制空權對地面部隊戰鬥行動發生了決定性的影響。
In 1903, when the Wright Brothers flight the motor driven aircraft into the air, the aviation technology has developed incredibly. Before WWI, derived from the military expertise’s vision that aircraft will be the new possible war tool in the future, thus, there were a lot of nations, who possessed aircrafts. When the aircraft’s function met the military usage, it was used as reconnaissance rather than other purpose. In WWI, both the opposite sides of nations are using the aircrafts to disrupt or pursue the others aircrafts, therefore, cause to arm the aircraft and broke out the air campaigned. During the war, the Alliance used single seat pursuit plane defeat the German Air Troop to control the air power for several months that first demonstrated the Air Superiority or Air Power have a decisive impact to the ground force operation at war history.
第一次世界大戰至第二次世界大戰
From the World War I to World War II
兩次大戰期間航空學在不斷的飛躍發展中，今日的新發明和改進又將昨日的知識和觀點推翻，空權的部分理論雖不在適應運用於新飛機，但有些基本原則仍然保持。制空權已成為戰爭中重要的一環。例如一九二五年英國殖民軍鎮壓伊拉克和瓦其里斯坦土著騷亂以空軍隊土著拘留地作縱身攻擊，一九三五年義大利對阿比尼西亞之役，義軍適切運用空軍把原本專家預撤拖延五、六年的戰爭在短時間就把敵人完全擊敗。皆是各國軍事作戰上正視空權的認知。
The aviation technology has continuously developed during the WWI to WWII, the new inventions and improvements today, were overthrown the know ledges and concepts yesterday, some basic theories of Air Power were still useful but some were not adapted to the new aircraft, but Air Power has become the important factor on war. For instance, the British Colonial Troop used Air Force to attack the Native Reservation to suppress the Iraq and Watcheris conflicts in 1925; The Italian used Air Force to shorten the war from 5 to 6 years to a short time to defeat the enemy during the Arbinisia Campaign in 1935. Those are the recognition on Air Power during the military operation for all the nations.
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